The article “Where do we pay income tax if we retire abroad?” was originally published in MoneySense on October 26, 2022. Photo by Mikhail Nilov from Pexels.
There are tax implications in both countries if Marianna moves to Mexico full-time.
Q. We’re thinking about moving to Mexico full-time when we retire. Where would we pay income tax on our monthly Canadian pensions?
–Marianna
A. Many Canadians dream of a retirement that includes travel abroad. Some even live abroad part of the year or most of the year, or give up their Canadian residency entirely.
In the case of Mexico, Marianna, a taxpayer is considered a resident of Mexico if they have a permanent home available to them in Mexico. If they have homes in both Mexico and Canada, the location of their centre of vital interests—their personal and economic ties—must be considered. This is a condition of the Canada–Mexico Income Tax Convention, a tax treaty that is like many others that Canada has entered into with other countries to establish tax rules between them.
The courts typically refer to the residence article of the OECD Model Tax Convention when defining the centre of vital interests:
“If the individual has a permanent home in both Contracting States, it is necessary to look at the facts in order to ascertain with which of the two States his personal and economic relations are closer. Thus, regard will be had to his family and social relations, his occupations, his political, cultural, or other activities, his place of business, the place from which he administers his property, etc. The circumstances must be examined as a whole, but it is nevertheless obvious that considerations based on the personal acts of the individual must receive special attention. If a person who has a home in one State sets up a second in the other State while retaining the first, the fact that he retains the first in the environment where he has always lived, where he has worked, and where he has his family and possessions, can, together with other elements, go to demonstrate that he has retained his centre of vital interests in the first State.”
Tax implications for your assets when you leave Canada
If you sell your home in Canada or rent it out to a tenant, and establish closer ties to Mexico, you will likely become a non-resident of Canada. There may be tax implications for assets you own when you leave or are deemed to depart from Canada, Marianna. Assets like non-registered investments will be subject to a deemed disposition (a notional sale) and this may trigger capital gains tax if the assets have appreciated in value. Other assets, like pensions and investments, will be subject to withholding tax on income after you leave.
You ask specifically about monthly pensions, Marianna. Registered pension plan (RPP) periodic payments like a monthly defined benefit (DB) pension are subject to 15% Canadian withholding tax for a Mexican resident. The same 15% rate applies to Canada Pension Plan (CPP), Old Age Security (OAS) and registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) or registered retirement income fund (RRIF) periodic payments. A lump sum withdrawal from an RRSP or RRIF is subject to a higher 25% withholding tax.
Tax on non-registered investments is limited to dividends or trust (mutual fund or exchange-traded fund) distributions. The withholding tax rate is 15%. Most Canadian interest earned by a Mexican resident is not subject to withholding tax in Canada.
Capital gains on non-registered investments earned by a non-resident are not subject to Canadian withholding tax either.
Do non-residents file a Canadian tax return?
If your Canadian income is relatively low, you may benefit from electing under section 217 of the Income Tax Act to file a Canadian tax return voluntarily. The tax would be calculated on your qualifying Canadian income. Qualifying income includes CPP, OAS, pensions, RRSP/RRIF withdrawals and a few other sources of Canadian income. If you owe less tax than the initial 15% or 25% tax withheld, you can get a refund.
Canadian tax is only part of the story though, Marianna. Mexican residents pay tax on their worldwide income. Tax rates on low and moderate levels of income are comparable to Canadian rates. The top marginal tax rate on income over about $365,000 Canadian (at current exchange rates) is only 35%, compared to over 50% in most Canadian provinces and territories.
Canadian and other foreign withholding tax may be eligible to claim as a foreign tax credit in Mexico to reduce the Mexican tax payable on that foreign income. This generally avoids double taxation. But seek local tax advice on your Mexican tax filing obligations, Marianna.
According to International Living, a comfortable retirement in Mexico, including a housekeeper, car, housing and utilities, could cost less than USD$2,500 per month.
Good luck with your retirement plans, Marianna!
